Short Grammar Activities for ESL Classes

These easy to implement and quick to execute grammar exercises are perfect to use in the ESL classroom when youre short on time but need to get your lesson across.   Jumbled Sentences Purpose: Word Order / Review Choose a number of sentences from the last few chapters (pages) that you have been working on in class. Make sure to choose a nice mixture including adverbs of frequency, time signifiers, adjectives, and adverbs, as well as multiple clauses for more advanced classes. Type (or write on the board) jumbled versions of the sentences and ask the students to reassemble them. Variation:  If you are focusing on specific grammar points, have the students explain why certain words are placed in certain places in a sentence. Example: If you are working on adverbs of frequency, ask students why often is placed as it is in the following negative sentence: He doesnt often go to the cinema. Finishing the Sentence Purpose: Tense Review Ask students to take a piece of paper out for a dictation. Ask students to finish the sentences that you begin. Students should complete the sentence you begin in a logical manner. Its best if you use connecting words to show cause and effect, conditional sentences are also a good idea. Examples: I like watching television because...Despite the cold weather,...If I were you,...I wish he... Listening for Mistakes Purpose: Improving Students Listening Abilities/Review Make up a story on the spot (or read something you have at hand). Tell students that they will hear a few grammatical errors during the story. Ask them to raise their hand when they hear an error made and correct the errors. Intentionally introduce errors into the story, but read the story as if the errors were perfectly correct. Variation:  Have students write down the mistakes you make and check the mistakes as a class when finished. Question Tag Interviews Purpose: Focus on Auxiliary Verbs Ask students to pair up with another student they feel they know reasonably well. Ask each student to prepare a set of ten different questions using question tags about that person based on what they know about him/her. Make the exercise more challenging by asking that each question is in a different tense (or that five tenses are used, etc.). Ask students to respond with short answers only. Examples: Youre married, arent you? - Yes, I am.You came to school yesterday, didnt you? - Yes, I did.You havent been to Paris, have you? - No, I havent.

The Capture of Inca Atahualpa

On November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, lord of the Inca Empire, was attacked and captured by Spanish conquistadors under Francisco Pizarro. Once he was captured, the Spanish forced him to pay a mind-boggling ransom amounting to tons of gold and silver. Although Atahualpa produced the ransom, the Spanish executed him anyway. Atahualpa and the Inca Empire in 1532: Atahualpa was the reigning Inca (a word similar in meaning to King or Emperor) of the Inca Empire, which stretched from present-day Colombia into parts of Chile. Atahualpas father, Huayna Capac, had died sometime around 1527: his heir apparent died around the same time, throwing the Empire into chaos. Two of Huayna Capacs many sons began to fight over the Empire: Atahualpa had the support of Quito and the northern part of the Empire and Huà ¡scar had the support of Cuzco and the southern part of the Empire. More importantly, Atahualpa had the allegiance of three great generals: Chulcuchima, Rumià ±ahui and Quisquis. In early 1532 Huà ¡scar was defeated and captured and Atahualpa was lord of the Andes. Pizarro and the Spanish: Francisco Pizarro was a seasoned soldier and conquistador who had played a large role in the conquest and exploration of Panama. He was already a wealthy man in the New World, but he believed that there was a rich native kingdom somewhere in South America just waiting to be plundered. He organized three expeditions along the Pacific coast of South America between 1525 and 1530. On his second expedition, he met with representatives of the Inca Empire. On the third journey, he followed tales of great wealth inland, eventually making his way to the town of Cajamarca in November of 1532. He had about 160 men with him, as well as horses, arms and four small cannons. The Meeting in Cajamarca: Atahualpa happened to be in Cajamarca, where he was waiting for the captive Huà ¡scar to be brought to him. He heard rumors of this strange group of 160 foreigners making their way inland (looting and pillaging as they went) but he certainly felt secure, as he was surrounded by several thousand veteran warriors. When the Spanish arrived in Cajamarca on November 15, 1532, Atahualpa agreed to meet with them the next day. Meanwhile, the Spanish had seen for themselves the riches of the Inca Empire and with a desperation born of greed, they decided to try and capture the Emperor. The same strategy had worked for Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s some years before in Mexico. The Battle of Cajamarca: Pizarro had occupied a town square in Cajamarca. He placed his cannons on a rooftop and hid his horsemen and footsoldiers in buildings around the square. Atahualpa made them wait on the sixteenth, taking his time to arrive for the royal audience. He eventually showed up in the late afternoon, carried on a litter and surrounded by many important Inca noblemen. When Atahualpa showed up, Pizarro sent Father Vicente de Valverde out to meet with him. Valverde spoke to the Inca through an interpreter and showed him a breviary. After leafing through it, Atahualpa disdainfully threw the book on the ground. Valverde, supposedly angry at this sacrilege, called on the Spanish to attack. Instantly the square was packed with horsemen and footmen, slaughtering natives and fighting their way to the royal litter. The Massacre at Cajamarca: The Inca soldiers and noblemen were taken completely by surprise. The Spanish had several military advantages which were unknown in the Andes. The natives had never seen horses before and were unprepared to resist mounted foes. The Spanish armor made them nearly invulnerable to native weapons and steel swords hacked easily through native armor. The cannon and muskets, fired from the rooftops, rained thunder and death down into the square. The Spanish fought for two hours, massacring thousands of natives, including many important members of the Inca nobility. Horsemen rode down fleeing natives in the fields around Cajamarca. No Spaniard was killed in the attack and Emperor Atahualpa was captured. Atahualpas Ransom: Once the captive Atahualpa was made to understand his situation, he agreed to a ransom in exchange for his freedom. He offered to fill a large room once with gold and twice over with silver and the Spanish quickly agreed. Soon great treasures were being brought from all over the Empire, and greedy Spaniards broke them into pieces so that the room would fill more slowly. On July 26, 1533, however, the Spanish became frightened at rumors that Inca General Rumià ±ahui was in the vicinity and they executed Atahualpa, supposedly for treason in stirring up rebellion against the Spaniards. Atahualpa’s ransom was a great fortune: it added up to some 13,000 pounds of gold and twice that much silver. Sadly, much of the treasure was in the form of priceless works of art which were melted down. Aftermath of the Capture of Atahualpa: The Spanish caught a lucky break when they captured Atahualpa. First of all, he was in Cajamarca, which is relatively close to the coast: had he been in Cuzco or Quito the Spanish would have had a harder time getting there and the Inca may have struck first at these insolent invaders. The natives of the Inca Empire believed that their royal family was semi-divine and they would not lift a hand against the Spanish while Atahualpa was their prisoner. The several months that they held Atahualpa allowed the Spanish to send for reinforcements and come to understand the complex politics of the empire. Once Atahualpa was killed, the Spanish swiftly crowned a puppet Emperor in his place, allowing them to maintain their hold on power. They also marched first on Cuzco and then on Quito, eventually securing the empire. By the time one of their puppet rulers, Manco Inca (Atahualpas brother) realized that the Spanish had come as conquerors and started a rebellion it was too late. There were some repercussions on the Spanish side. After the conquest of Peru was complete, some Spanish reformers - most notably Bartolomà © de las Casas - began asking disturbing questions about the attack. After all, it was an unprovoked attack on a legitimate monarch and resulted in the massacre of thousands of innocents. The Spanish eventually rationalized the attack on the grounds that Atahualpa was younger than his brother Huà ¡scar, which made him a usurper. It should be noted, however, that the Inca did not necessarily believe that the eldest brother should succeed his father in such matters. As for the natives, the capture of Atahualpa was the first step in the near-total destruction of their homes and culture. With Atahualpa neutralized (and Huà ¡scar murdered on his brothers orders) there was no one to rally resistance to the unwanted invaders. Once Atahualpa was gone, the Spanish were able to play off traditional rivalries and bitterness to keep the natives from uniting against them.

Hum/105 Cultural Heroes - 1583 Words

Cultural Heroes A cultural hero demonstrates cultural values. A cultural hero faces and overcomes struggles. A cultural hero is famous. A cultural hero may be living or dead, though more often dead. Often after their death, mythologies are developed embellishing their positive features. Herakles and Joan of Arc are examples of classic cultural heroes. John Fitzgerald Kennedy is a modern cultural hero. All three a well known and are remembered for their character and accomplishments. Herakles Herakles is one of the best known and cultural heroes. He is also one of the most controversial heroes due to many differing accounts of his life and deeds. Herakles is a hero in the Greek mythology. He was born the illegitimate son of†¦show more content†¦At the age of two, he spent a month in the hospital with scarlet fever. Jack survived his childhood illnesses, but suffered a back injury while attending Harvard. He wrote his senior thesis on Britain’s lack of action as Germany militarized. His Thesis was later published as While England Slept (Kennedy, 1961). After graduating Harvard, JFK joined the Navy as a Lieutenant. He commanded a patrol boat in the South Pacific Ocean. His patrol boat was rammed and sunk by an enemy ship. JFK reinjured his back, but still managed to pull another seaman from the wreckage and lead the survivors to safety. JFK was awarded medals for bravery and leadership. Several books and movies exalt the actions of JFK during the w ar. After the war JFK followed in his family footsteps and began his political career. He served in the House of Representatives for several terms, then the United States Senate. In 1960 he ran for and was elected the 43rd president of the United States. At 43, he was the youngest president ever elected (Infoplease, 2007). He was also the first Roman Catholic elected president (Preston, 2007). Both momentous accomplishments still stand almost 50 years later. During his inaugural speech, he is remembered for his Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country (Kennedy, 1960). That country before self ideal portrayed him as a selfless leader who genuinely cared about the country. During hisShow MoreRelatedHum 105 WORLD MYTHOLOGY Essay779 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Hum 105~World Mythology Assignment One How is the word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The word myth is used most popularly in tales and stories. These tales and stories have been passed down from generation to generation and are based on some truth, but mostly an ideaRead MoreFoundations of Mythology870 Words   |  4 PagesFoundations of Mythology Short Answers Jessica McTavish HUM 105 January 14, 2013 Roxanne Russell Foundations of Mythology Short Answers How is the word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The statement â€Å"It’s a myth† to me means that it is not true or not fully true. ThereRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III

College Dropouts Essay - 929 Words

Many high school students succeed with a little leniency through their four years. The transfer from high school to college becomes overwhelming and a struggle for some. For students do not comprehend the importance of changing more than their location during the transition. A student must be psychologically, physically, and emotionally mature to pursue college and not venture into a point of no return. Dropping out of college makes the outlook of the conversion difficult to acquire. Individuals should take their time on deciding which college and/or university is the best match for them. There are various reasons that cause persons not to prosper. Issues that individuals may come upon might leave a lifelong scar. Matters such as these†¦show more content†¦Often students take high school for granted; consequently it shows when they reach college. For example, in high school, teachers may accept late work, tardiness, and continuous inappropriate behavior. The college classe s that they will have to face will not tolerate such things as this. Preparing for the work load and lifestyle is the two most important objectives to grasp early. Furthermore, many people want to progress in their work, some simply want to gain in depth education on the particular field they want to achieve. However, individual’s bosses do not always understand. Having a job while in college is a huge demand. Depending on whether students have families or not will put them in a tight position. Ultimately the demand for both will result in them dropping out of college. Mark Kantrowitz says, â€Å"Many students who drop out of college has to work while enrolled in college (Why Do Students Drop out of College Kantrowitz). He follows up by saying that â€Å"they often find it very difficult to support themselves and their families and go to college at the same time (Why Do Students Drop out of College Kantrowitz). In most homes, ones family always comes first no matter what. For example, the desired accomplishments of the mother are not greater than the needs of her children. School work and the work one puts into he/shes job alone are ha rd to manage. Having toShow MoreRelatedThe Popularity Of The College Dropout1377 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The College Dropout† hit the airwaves. An album that would go on and mold so many artists of today’s rap scene. Since then we have seen Chicago’s beloved Kanye West, the â€Å"I miss the sweet Kanye, chop up the beats Kanye† slowly transform into the egocentric Yezus persona that we have amongst us today. Not to say that Kanye has stopped making his all-world beats and delivering Grammy worthy albums. He has just evolved. And with his evolution, a void was left in rap as we knew it. â€Å"The College Dropout†Read MoreCollege Dropout Rate And Evidence1332 Words   |  6 PagesCollege Dropout Rate Evidence To Support You re done, you have dropped out of college and there s nothing you can do. Congratulations, you are now in the 1.3 million that also contributed to this statistic. The college dropout rate varies based upon a wide variety of problems college students encounter. Now your reasons for dropping out? There could be many, some of which you couldn t control. However, there are some that directly contribute to the dropout rate; that you could have. We’ll beRead MoreEssay on The Dropout Rate In Americas Colleges590 Words   |  3 Pages The Dropout Rate in Americas Colleges In 1992, the dropout rate in Americas colleges was almost twenty-four percent! Therefore meaning that nearly one out of every five students that head off to college in the fall, drop out by the first semester. In addition, about one out of every three remaining students do not return for their second year. This statistic may seem outrageous, however, it is true. Furthermore, a study has shown that if the dropout rate continues at its current pace, it willRead MoreCauses And Effects Of College Dropouts954 Words   |  4 PagesCauses and Effects of College Dropouts Life is believed to be easier for people with higher degrees than for those without higher degrees. Hence, it is the joy of parents to see their children admitted into a higher institution. With the high cost attached to attending a four year university, most students prefer to attend community colleges. Community colleges provide the same quality of education offered by universities for the first two years at a lower cost which help students reduce debts towardRead MoreEssay The African American College Dropout Rate477 Words   |  2 PagesThroughout the years the dropout rate of African Americans has increased and decreased. Many people look at black students as if they sit there and do not learn anything at all but we do try. Some may think that the only reason the black students drop out is because their grades, but that’s not true. Some dropout because of financial pressure, health problems, mental, emotional, and social issues, and may not have family support. â€Å"Blacks have been historically been under represented for the pastRead MoreEssay on Factors to College Dropouts827 Words   |  4 Pagesmany high school graduates who are enroll in college find themselves dropping off school in the first year of their college education. Admittedly, President Barack Obama’s administration knows this issue and has decided to even put out a $380 million educational budget for 2010 to assist students at risk of dropping out and to encourage high school graduates to earn an associate or bachelors degree in college. Today, college dropouts in American colleges have been steadily increasing due to inadequateRead MoreCauses Of High Dropout Rate Among Low Income College Students1270 Words   |  6 PagesParas Rayamajhi English 111/ 1904 Mrs. Jones September 29, 2014 The Causes of the High Dropout rate among Low-Income College Students To dropout, in simple words, means leaving school or any institution before the completion of a course due to some specific reason or necessity. There is a significant dropout rate at colleges which include household cultural and financial problem, where expectations of college are not met, and where financial aid is insufficient A household s cultural and financialRead MoreCauses And Disadvantages Of College Students Dropout809 Words   |  4 Pagesthe work force, military, or go to college. Once someone decides their future goals and it’s to go to college they don’t realized how much harder it can be compared to high school. They don’t think about how there is a possibility for them to drop out, if they don’t give college their best shot. Some reasons of college students dropping out is trying to balance work and school, academic difficulties, and financial problems. One reason students drop out of college is not being able to balance workRead MoreI Didn t Have High Expectations For College Dropout950 Words   |  4 PagesIntro Essay â€Å"Essay by a soon to be College Dropout† I didn’t have high expectations for college. I looked at the reality of what my experience would be. I was now being forced to move out of a town where I knew every single crack in the road to a town where I didn’t even know where the grocery store was. On top of that, I went from a school of about five-hundred students to a university of roughly 20,000, so obviously new people were going to affect my week in a big way. All of this would have beenRead MoreCOLLEGE DROPOUT1013 Words   |  5 Pages Students Just Want to Have Funds People assume students are young people who attend college to become adults, not knowing that most students already carry on adult-like responsibilities. Nowadays, young people live on their own, without their parents’ help, and cannot afford to go to school and pay rent, as well. During my high school years, I expected to be balancing university activities with homework and dorming, not expenses and low-paying jobs. According to a New York Times news conference

Stereotypes in the Classroom Free Essays

â€Å"If Americans are to embrace diversity, the conscious and unconscious expressions of racism (sexism) within our society must be identified and done away with. † Teachers must prepare themselves and the children for the ever changing challenge of interacting and communicating with diverse races. Reduction of fear, ignorance, and personal detachment are possible benefits to a multicultural education ( (Wilson). We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotypes in the Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Multicultural education is the potential catalyst to bring all races together in harmony. Educators today have a moral responsibility to move beyond the limits of racial context to a social context that embraces humanity without barriers and fear. The responsibility of teachers is to get to know the children and the families that will be entering the program. Classrooms need to reflect every child and every family in the class. Do not make assumptions of what a child’s ethnic background is. This is putting a stereotype as to what you think of that culture. Get to know the children so that you can respectfully and accurately reflect them, their families and their lifestyles in the classroom ( (York, 2003). Children should feel like they belong in the class. Teachers need to make sure that they greet each child by name as they enter the classroom at the beginning of the day and to say good bye at the end of the day. Teachers need to remember to stay away from commercial teaching materials. Cartoon imagines inaccurately portray human beings and human diversity (York, 2003). Multicultural children’s books can be used effectively as a means for coming to understand individual human stories, and the universal emotions and themes they contain. Teachers need to be careful when picking books to use in the classroom. A book may look good when you first look at it but it may contain one or more stereotypic images. Teachers need to be very critical in evaluating books that they want to use in the classroom. Make sure that authors are writing fiction for young children that authenticate a culture’s heritage. How to cite Stereotypes in the Classroom, Essay examples

Democratic Crisis And Mitigation in Nigeria -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theDemocratic Crisis And Mitigation in Nigeria. Answer: Introduction A countrys progress is determined by the rate at which it develops and hence development could be referred to as the determinant of a countrys progress. This essay encases the reason of obstruction in the development of Nigeria despite its abundance of resources human, material and natural. Nigeria still lags behind many countries when it comes to achieving the desired developmental goals despite the changes in competition brought about by globalization. A federal republic, Nigeria borders Benin, Chad and Cameroon, and Niger in the west, east and north respectively in West Africa. The coastal part of the country locates itself in the south in Atlantic Oceans Gulf of Guinea. Nigeria boasts of thirty-six states and a federal capital territory. It is a colossal republic with around 186 million and counting and ranks seventh in the list of worlds most populous countries. Based on personal analysis it can be said that the Nigeria similar to most other African nations is highly blessed with both inhabitants and natural wealth with richness in the cultural heritage, yet Nigeria is among the list of peripheral countries without any closeness to globalization. Globalization is facilitated by the increase in the interaction of people and countries through economic growth and development and Nigeria is yet a peripheral country due to the economic, social and political instability (Watts, 2013). With further studies, it has been found that there are several factors, which confronts the development of Nigeria, keeping pace with the Globalization. It can be found that the burden of politics on the citizens, limited human resources, corruption, lack of capital or finance to execute the plans for development, lack of an efficient leader are the main challenges faced by the country (Joseph, 2014). The policies are drafted by the legislation without taking into ac count, the target population. Nigeria ranks 152nd out of 187 countries, as per the United Nations Development Program records in Human Development. This is probably due to the lack of capital to implement the development plans resulting in inferior quality of human life in Nigeria. It can also be determined that Nigeria is caught in a web of corruption due to the lack of an efficient leader, to effectively recognize the specific needs of the people, thus obstructing development (Whitaker Jr, 2015). Solution With respect to the rising concerns in Nigeria, certain solutions for the problems can be recommended. In other words, meeting the challenges with effective measures can help Nigeria pave way for development and embrace Globalization. The following recommendations are as follows. The government should contribute more efforts in the involvement of the masses in the process of articulation and achievement of policies as well as the policy makers is recommended to drop the top-down approach, which in turn could be achieved by the grand publicity of the intended approach. The government should stop intervening into anti corruption campaigns and should appoint specific and effective departments like Economic and Financial Crimes Investigation Commission as well as independent anti-Corruption Commissions to function independently to prevent corruption and financial crimes (Collier Vicente, 2014). New and effective leaders with vision centered, selfless, practical, nationalistic, reliable and transparent should be elected and hard work should be done by the Nigerian government to endorse constancy in the politics, which would effectively increase accountability and transparency within the country. Conclusion With the help of this essay, it can be concluded that Nigeria is one of the countries with huge prospect in its growth and development yet it fails to reach its mark due to challenges like political, social and economic instability and marked with rising corruption and crimes. However, Nigeria has the capability to rise up and develop itself from a peripheral country to a core country, is all subjected to the factors on how the Nigerian government effectively manages the crisis. The chain of development can only be initiated if the will to change is manifested within the people and the government. References Collier, P., Vicente, P. C. (2014). Votes and violence: evidence from a field experiment in Nigeria.The Economic Journal,124(574). Joseph, R. A. (2014).Democracy and prebendal politics in Nigeria(Vol. 56). Cambridge University Press. Watts, M. J. (2013).Silent violence: Food, famine, and peasantry in northern Nigeria(Vol. 15). University of Georgia Press. Whitaker Jr, C. S. (2015).The politics of tradition: Continuity and change in Northern Nigeria, 1946-1966. Princeton University Press.

Introduction to indigenous Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to indigenous Australia. Answer: The aboriginals of Australia had been subjected to disparities in terms of health care, economy, education and unemployment. In order to address their grievances and the health care needs the nurses should be acquainted with the history of their colonization and culture. This essay describes about the importance of learning about the aboriginal history in the nursing context. In accordance to that the paper will also throw light upon the health care beliefs and the current government policies regarding the aboriginal population. The chosen profession of this essay is the nurses. The nurses and the midwives seeking employment in the primary health care may be presented with wide range of qualifications, experiences and scopes of practice. Yet much health care gaps are left while catering to the needs of the individuals belonging to culturally diverse background. Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care to people irrespective of the race, case, creed and communities (Macaulay, 2009). Provision of health care to the culturally diverse aboriginals has long been a challenging task for the departments of health and the health care professionals (Stansfield and Browne 2013). In order to provide a comprehensive care to the residents of the Torrait Strait Islanders and the aboriginals, what is needed is to understand their cultural diversity and their traditional way of living. Nurses and the health care professionals are entitled to provide a culturally safe care to the aboriginal community (Wilson and Cardwell 2012). The SCS130 course- Introduction to the indigenous Australia helps in exploring the cultural and the historical factors that shaped the lives of the aboriginals living in the colonial settlement and how they became a national issue. The course has helped us to engage with the indigenous sources. This course helps to critically analyze the main impact of the indigenous knowledge on the profession of nursing. The non aboriginal health cares workers need to understand how the aboriginal health care professionals interpret their illness or how do they use their traditional methods of illness (Stansfield and Browne 2013). It is necessary for the nurses and the other health care professionals to understand how the aboriginals respond to the westernized types of treatments. It has been found that the life expectancy of the aboriginals is much less than that of the general population. This condition reflects the history of the aboriginals as well as the different social determinants of health. According to Wilson and Cardwell (2012) aboriginal individuals display ill health, overcrowded housing, polluted water, poverty, inadequate schooling. In order to deliver proper health care to the aboriginals one should understand the reasons behind the conditions. It is understood that health encompasses physical, emotional and spiritual well being (Cameron et al. 2012). In order to accomplish that it is required to understand the multigenerational legacies of colonization, the importance of the local history, to respect the traditional beliefs of health practices, to develop a sense of acceptance towards their culture to provide a culturally safe care (Douglas 2013). Nurses have to develop skills in providing primary and acute health care services in stages of li fe such as childhood, pregnancy and adolescence. Nurses are the one to promote a healthy ageing to the aboriginal population. Hence this course would help to develop knowledge of regarding the indigenous health and the well being. It helps to understand the physical, biological, psychosocial factors that influence the health and the well being of the aboriginals. The study helps to understand the use of the bush medicine, provision of the traditional healers among the aboriginals (Oliver 2013). Bush medicines like herbal preparations, rest, aromatherapy, restricted diet and external remedies like smoke, steam, heat and ochre are used. According to the Oliver (2013) the traditional health beliefs of the indigenous people are interconnected with land, religion and the kingship obligations. Literatures suggest that supernatural interventions were considered as a part of reality of the aboriginal culture. The death of a child, old people were considered to be normal, whereas the other u nnatural deaths are considered to have a supernatural influence. Oliver (2013) shows that some of the traditional medicines really posses some therapeutic properties and a knowledge of the health beliefs would assist a nurse in perceiving the extent of superstition and the usefulness of the traditional medicines. The study of the aboriginal Australia in the course module will help a nurse to understand the current health care initiatives that has been taken to cover the health gap of the indigenous people. The council of the Australian government have established the closing the gap policy for reducing the life expectancy gap, the mortality among the aboriginal children, closing the gap with respect of aboriginal education and employment (Pmc.gov.au, 2018). The study helps one to understand the Indigenous Australian's health programs regarding the cessation of the tobacco usage and drugs to promote a healthy living. The learning also provides with the information about the NSW abori ginal health plan (Pmc.gov.au, 2018). A vivid knowledge of the initiatives and the actual fact sheets would help a nurse to indentify the gaps and the loops left in the health care sector centering the aboriginals. The aboriginal history consists of the Indian act 1876, with the incidence of loss of land and the traditional livelihood of the aboriginals and recent colonization via negative stereotyping (Anderson and Kowal 2012). As per the history, residential school system was established by the federal government and the children were kept in the boarding schools (Australianstogether.org.au, 2018). The aboriginal kids were prohibited to speak in their own language and were abused socially, emotionally and sexually. There was a loss of trust, language and the legacy. There was a destruction of self esteem, tradition and reliance on the federal government. Many adults turned to alcohol and drugs due to the destruction of self esteem and for the removal of the mental trauma (Anderson and Kowal 2012). In order to understand the perceptions of the aboriginals of Australia it is necessary to have a clear understanding of their history of colonization (Australianstogether.org.au, 2018). A clear know ledge of the aboriginal culture is necessary to adapt their treatment plans and the education programs. According to the aboriginal history, the aboriginal people are faced with inequality, racism and violence from time immemorial (Douglas 2013). Hence it is evident that most of the aboriginals still hesitate to approach the non aboriginal health care. A nurse should try their best to approach a holistic way of approaching the aboriginal patients in order to create a non hostile environment for them. The social and the economic impact behind the control of the aboriginal population have long been accumulated generations after generations. The population who were not directly impacted by the invasion was also perturbed by the legacy left behind (Douglas 2013). The devastating effects passed from generations to generation. For examples one during the colonial rule the aboriginals were not allowed in the public spaces, barred from educational institutions, forced to work in the homes o f the non- aboriginals (Anderson and Kowal 2012). Population displacement, prejudices, disposition of the land has always haunted the aboriginal community. All these can be held responsible for their poor health status, economy, and housing. Deliver of care to the aboriginals involves maintenance of cultural safety and ethics. The western health care professionals face difficulties in service delivery to the aboriginal people due to the health care disparity between the aboriginal and the western health care beliefs (Chattopadhyay and De Vries, 2013). The concept of the cultural safety empowers the nurses to provide a safe care to the patients. These involve protection, participation and partnership (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 2018). In general the dominant cultural group takes up health care practices that might not be suitable for the aboriginals. Cultural safety is important in midwifery practice as it encompasses the relationship between the midwife and a woman (Chattopadhyay and De Vries, 2013). It as to be remembered that most of the aboriginals families are extremely community and family oriented. It is the duty of a nurse to accept all the cultural differences in the wo men and would appropriately respond to the cultural expectation of the woman (Gerlach 2012). Culturally safe care puts the woman at the centre of the midwifery care by determining her needs and establishing the collaborative relationships build on trust. A culturally safe care strategy includes incorporation of optimal communication, acknowledging the cultural preferences of the women (Gerlach 2012). For example, aboriginal women might find it difficult to comprehend difficult English. Hence in such cases slow and simple English can be used. Sentences can be broken down into small fragments for them to understand. In many cases foreign language interpreters can be used (Gerlach 2012). It can be seen that in many cases individuals with different culture avoid eye contact or direct contact with the eyes can be considered as an act of disrespect towards the elders (Thackrah and Thompson, 2013). A culture might prohibit the involvement of the male health care professionals as women from diverse cultural background might not find it comfortable in sharing the birthing information or other gynecological problems with any opposite gender. Their emotional stress can be mitigated by appointing female nurses or midwives. The ethics in aboriginal health care involves autonomy, where patients can take decisions (Chattopadhyay and De Vries, 2013). Nurses should advocate the patients do decide the care for them. The aboriginal culture is distinctive in its practice of oral communication (Humanrights.gov.au, 2018). The Australian human rights commission works for the age discrimination, the asylum seekers and the refugees, disability rights, children rights, sex discrimination. It addresses all the legal rights of the aboriginal in terms of health care, professional and other social issues. Sympathetic and respectful communications helps the aboriginal people to rely on the non aboriginal care (Australianstogether.org.au, 2018). The essay could successfully depict the aboriginal history and its importance in the profession of nursing. It also helps to understand how the aboriginal culture compliment the health care challenges that they face. Finally it also helps to point out the issues of ethics and awareness of cultural differences and diversity. References Anderson, H. and Kowal, E., 2012. 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